[{"id":"e109","year":2,"date":"公元2年","title":"汉代户口统计留下大规模人口记录","city":"西安","country":"中国","lat":34.286,"lon":108.917,"category":"official","summary":"西汉行政体系汇总各郡国的户数与人口。《汉书·地理志》保存的公元2年记录列出约5,767万人，反映人口数字已被用于赋税、徭役、兵役和国家治理。","impact":"这份覆盖广大行政区域并保存至今的人口汇总，是早期国家统计能力的重要见证，也为研究古代人口与治理留下了罕见基线。","people":["西汉户籍与行政官员","班固（史料编纂）"],"sources":[{"title":"《汉书·地理志》原文（中国哲学书电子化计划）","url":"https://ctext.org/han-shu/di-li-zhi"},{"title":"Princeton University Press chronology: AD 1–200","url":"https://assets.press.princeton.edu/chapters/haywood/s3b_9519.pdf"}],"importance":3,"precision":"代表点","note":"长安是西汉中央行政中心。地图点位于汉长安城遗址的大致范围，只代表中央汇总与治理背景；户口登记实际遍及各郡国，也不应等同于现代人口普查。","tags":["人口统计","户籍","官方统计","汉代"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Han household registers preserve a large-scale population count","summary":"The Western Han administration aggregated household and population figures from its commanderies and kingdoms. The record preserved in the Geography Treatise of the Book of Han lists about 57.67 million people for AD 2, showing how population figures supported taxation, labour obligations, military service and government.","impact":"This surviving aggregation across a vast administrative territory is important evidence of early state statistical capacity and a rare baseline for studying ancient population and governance.","people":["Western Han registration and administrative officials","Ban Gu (historical compilation)"],"tags":["population statistics","household registers","official statistics","Han dynasty"],"note":"Chang’an was the central administrative capital. The marker lies within the broad area of the Han capital and represents the central setting for aggregation and government; registration took place throughout the commanderies and kingdoms and was not a modern census."},"es":{"title":"Los registros de hogares Han conservan un gran recuento de población","summary":"La administración de los Han occidentales reunió cifras de hogares y población de sus comandancias y reinos. El registro conservado en el Tratado de Geografía del Libro de Han enumera unos 57,67 millones de personas para el año 2 d. C. y muestra el uso de estas cifras en impuestos, trabajo obligatorio, servicio militar y gobierno.","impact":"Esta agregación conservada de un territorio administrativo muy amplio es una prueba importante de la capacidad estadística temprana del Estado y una base excepcional para estudiar la población y el gobierno antiguos.","people":["Funcionarios de registro y administración de los Han occidentales","Ban Gu (compilación histórica)"],"tags":["estadísticas de población","registros de hogares","estadística oficial","dinastía Han"],"note":"Chang’an era la capital administrativa central. El punto se sitúa en el área general de la antigua capital Han y representa el contexto de agregación y gobierno; el registro se realizó por todas las comandancias y reinos y no fue un censo moderno."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-21","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"primary historical text and scholarly chronology","note":{"zh":"数字来自后世编纂的《汉书》所保存的汉代行政汇总；“公元2年”是通行的历史归年，不能把它描述成现代普查或精确到单一普查日。","en":"The figure comes from a Han administrative aggregation preserved in the later-compiled Book of Han. AD 2 is the conventional historical dating, and the record should not be described as a modern census with a single exact census day.","es":"La cifra procede de una agregación administrativa Han conservada en el Libro de Han, compilado posteriormente. El año 2 d. C. es la datación histórica convencional y el registro no debe describirse como un censo moderno con un único día censal exacto."}},"locations":[{"id":"e109-loc1","city":"西安","country":"中国","lat":34.286,"lon":108.917,"role":"representative","precision":"代表点","primary":true,"label":"汉长安城遗址范围（代表地点）","note":"长安是西汉中央行政中心。点位表示古都遗址的大致范围，不代表户口统计只在这里完成，也不指向某一座具体建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://ctext.org/han-shu/di-li-zhi","https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/tang/essay2.html"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Area of the Han capital Chang’an (representative place)","note":"Chang’an was the Western Han administrative capital. The point marks the broad ancient-capital area, not a claim that registration occurred only here or in a particular building."},"es":{"label":"Área de la capital Han de Chang’an (lugar representativo)","note":"Chang’an era la capital administrativa de los Han occidentales. El punto marca el área general de la antigua capital, no que el registro se realizara solo allí ni en un edificio concreto."}}}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-21","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e109-loc1"}},{"id":"e001","year":1086,"date":"1086","title":"1086年末日审判调查：大规模行政枚举的早期范例","city":"温彻斯特","country":"英格兰","lat":51.0632,"lon":-1.308,"category":"official","summary":"威廉一世下令调查英格兰的土地、庄园、资源与税务义务。调查在1086年完成，现存卷册的编纂与誊写延续到随后一段时期；它不是现代人口普查，也不是统计学著作。","impact":"它展示了中央政府如何用统一调查支持征税、土地管理与行政决策，是大规模官方数据采集的早期范例。","people":["威廉一世"],"sources":[{"title":"英国国家档案馆：Domesday Book research guide","url":"https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/domesday-book/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"代表点","note":"地图标在温彻斯特，这座城市与王室财政和文书传统密切相关；现有史料不能把整项调查的完成精确归于某一栋建筑。","tags":["普查","行政数据"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The 1086 Domesday survey becomes an early model of administrative enumeration","summary":"William I ordered a survey of landholding, estates, resources and fiscal obligations across England. The survey was completed in 1086, while compilation and copying of the surviving volumes continued afterwards; it was neither a modern population census nor a work of statistics.","impact":"It shows an early central government using a standardized inquiry to support taxation, land administration and public decisions.","people":["William I"],"tags":["census","administrative data"],"note":"The marker is placed in Winchester because of its close association with royal finance and record-keeping. Surviving evidence does not locate completion of the whole survey in one building."},"es":{"title":"La encuesta Domesday de 1086 ofrece un modelo temprano de enumeración administrativa","summary":"Guillermo I ordenó investigar la propiedad de la tierra, los señoríos, los recursos y las obligaciones fiscales de Inglaterra. La encuesta terminó en 1086, mientras que la compilación y copia de los volúmenes conservados continuó después; no fue un censo moderno de población ni una obra estadística.","impact":"Muestra un ejemplo temprano de un gobierno central que emplea una investigación uniforme para apoyar la fiscalidad, la administración de tierras y las decisiones públicas.","people":["Guillermo I"],"tags":["censo","datos administrativos"],"note":"El punto se sitúa en Winchester por su estrecha relación con las finanzas reales y la conservación de registros. Las fuentes no permiten atribuir la finalización de toda la encuesta a un edificio concreto."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"温彻斯特","country":"英格兰","lat":51.0632,"lon":-1.308,"role":"representative","precision":"代表点","primary":true,"label":"行政或历史代表点","note":"这一事件覆盖范围广、过程分散，地图点只表示有明确依据的行政或历史关联中心，不代表事件仅发生在这里。","sourceUrls":["https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/domesday-book/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Administrative or historical reference point","note":"The event was geographically broad or distributed. This marker shows a well-supported administrative or historical centre, not the only place where it occurred."},"es":{"label":"Punto administrativo o histórico de referencia","note":"El acontecimiento fue amplio o distribuido geográficamente. El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e001-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e001-loc1"}},{"id":"e002","year":1654,"date":"1654-07—1654-10","title":"帕斯卡—费马通信奠定古典概率论","city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"category":"probability","summary":"两人围绕赌博中的“分赌注问题”通信，系统讨论有限样本空间、组合计数与期望。现代概率论通常把这组通信视为明确起点。","impact":"把不确定性从直觉判断变成可计算对象，为统计推断提供数学语言。","people":["布莱兹·帕斯卡","皮埃尔·德·费马"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Probability history","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Probability/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"地图标在帕斯卡所在的巴黎；费马当时身在图卢兹。","tags":["概率","期望"],"categoryLabel":"概率基础","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The Pascal–Fermat correspondence lays the foundations of classical probability","summary":"In letters about the gambling ‘problem of points’, Pascal and Fermat examined finite sample spaces, combinatorial counting and expectation. Their exchange is widely treated as a clear starting point of modern probability theory.","impact":"It turned uncertainty from a matter of intuition into something calculable and supplied statistical inference with a mathematical language.","people":["Blaise Pascal","Pierre de Fermat"],"tags":["probability","expectation"],"note":"The marker is placed in Paris, where Pascal lived; Fermat was in Toulouse."},"es":{"title":"La correspondencia Pascal–Fermat sienta las bases de la probabilidad clásica","summary":"En sus cartas sobre el «problema de los puntos» en los juegos de azar, Pascal y Fermat estudiaron espacios muestrales finitos, combinatoria y esperanza matemática. Este intercambio suele considerarse un punto de partida claro de la teoría moderna de la probabilidad.","impact":"Transformó la incertidumbre de una intuición en un objeto calculable y dio a la inferencia estadística un lenguaje matemático.","people":["Blaise Pascal","Pierre de Fermat"],"tags":["probabilidad","esperanza matemática"],"note":"El punto se sitúa en París, donde vivía Pascal; Fermat se encontraba en Toulouse."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"地图以帕斯卡所在的巴黎为代表点；费马身在图卢兹，这一里程碑本质上是跨城通信。","en":"The marker follows Pascal in Paris; Fermat was in Toulouse, so this milestone was inherently a correspondence across two cities.","es":"El punto sigue a Pascal en París; Fermat estaba en Toulouse, por lo que este hito surgió de una correspondencia entre dos ciudades."}},"locations":[{"city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"role":"author_affiliation","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"帕斯卡所在城市","note":"帕斯卡在巴黎参与通信；城市级坐标不表示某一封信的具体书写地址。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Probability/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Pascal’s city","note":"Pascal took part in the correspondence from Paris; the city-level point does not claim the address where a particular letter was written."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad de Pascal","note":"Pascal participó en la correspondencia desde París; el punto urbano no identifica la dirección donde se escribió una carta concreta."}},"id":"e002-loc1"},{"city":"图卢兹","country":"法国","lat":43.6047,"lon":1.4442,"role":"author_affiliation","precision":"城市级","primary":false,"label":"费马所在城市","note":"费马当时在图卢兹；这项概率论通信不能归为巴黎一地的成果。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Probability/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Fermat’s city","note":"Fermat was in Toulouse; the probability correspondence cannot be assigned to Paris alone."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad de Fermat","note":"Fermat se encontraba en Toulouse; la correspondencia no puede atribuirse únicamente a París."}},"id":"e002-loc2"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"expanded","locationCount":2,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e002-loc1"}},{"id":"e004","year":1657,"date":"1657","title":"惠更斯出版首部公开印行的概率论教材","city":"莱顿","country":"荷兰","lat":52.1601,"lon":4.497,"category":"probability","summary":"克里斯蒂安·惠更斯出版《论赌博中的计算》，把机会游戏问题整理成公开印行、可供教学的命题体系。","impact":"概率计算从私人通信走向公开、系统的数学知识。","people":["克里斯蒂安·惠更斯"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Huygens biography","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Huygens/"},{"title":"MacTutor：Cardano biography","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan/"}],"importance":2,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["概率","教材"],"categoryLabel":"概率基础","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Huygens publishes the first printed textbook on probability","summary":"Christiaan Huygens published On Reasoning in Games of Chance, arranging gambling problems into the first printed, teachable sequence of propositions on probability.","impact":"Probability calculation moved from private correspondence into public, systematic mathematical knowledge.","people":["Christiaan Huygens"],"tags":["probability","textbook"]},"es":{"title":"Huygens publica el primer manual impreso de probabilidad","summary":"Christiaan Huygens publicó Sobre los razonamientos en los juegos de azar, organizando problemas de juego en la primera secuencia impresa y enseñable de proposiciones sobre probabilidad.","impact":"El cálculo de probabilidades pasó de la correspondencia privada al conocimiento matemático público y sistemático.","people":["Christiaan Huygens"],"tags":["probabilidad","manual"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"“首部”限定为首部公开印行的概率论教材。卡尔达诺约在1563年已写成更早的概率手稿，但该文直到1663年才出版。","en":"“First” is limited to the first printed probability textbook. Cardano wrote an earlier probability manuscript around 1563, but it was not published until 1663.","es":"“Primero” se limita al primer manual impreso de probabilidad. Cardano escribió hacia 1563 un manuscrito anterior, pero no se publicó hasta 1663."}},"locations":[{"city":"莱顿","country":"荷兰","lat":52.1601,"lon":4.497,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Huygens/","https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cardan/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e004-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e004-loc1"}},{"id":"e003","year":1662,"date":"1662","title":"格朗特分析伦敦死亡公报","city":"伦敦","country":"英格兰","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"official","summary":"约翰·格朗特从伦敦死亡公报中整理死亡原因、年龄和人口规律，发表《Natural and Political Observations》。","impact":"这是生命表、人口统计与公共卫生统计的奠基事件之一，也展示了从行政记录发现群体规律的方法。","people":["约翰·格朗特"],"sources":[{"title":"Royal Society：John Graunt and the Bills of Mortality","url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2005.0097"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["人口统计","生命表","公共卫生"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Graunt analyses London’s Bills of Mortality","summary":"John Graunt extracted patterns in causes of death, age and population from London’s Bills of Mortality and published Natural and Political Observations.","impact":"The work helped found life-table analysis, demography and public-health statistics, while showing how population patterns could be discovered in administrative records.","people":["John Graunt"],"tags":["demography","life table","public health"]},"es":{"title":"Graunt analiza los registros de mortalidad de Londres","summary":"John Graunt extrajo patrones de causas de muerte, edad y población de los Bills of Mortality de Londres y publicó Natural and Political Observations.","impact":"La obra ayudó a fundar las tablas de vida, la demografía y la estadística de salud pública, y mostró cómo descubrir regularidades poblacionales en registros administrativos.","people":["John Graunt"],"tags":["demografía","tabla de vida","salud pública"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英格兰","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2005.0097"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e003-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e003-loc1"}},{"id":"e005","year":1713,"date":"1713","title":"伯努利《猜度术》出版并提出大数定律","city":"巴塞尔","country":"瑞士","lat":47.5596,"lon":7.5886,"category":"probability","summary":"雅各布·伯努利遗著《Ars Conjectandi》出版，其中给出伯努利大数定律的早期严格形式。","impact":"说明重复试验的样本比例会稳定接近真实概率，是从概率到统计估计的关键桥梁。","people":["雅各布·伯努利"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Jakob Bernoulli biography","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jakob_Bernoulli/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["大数定律","概率"],"categoryLabel":"概率基础","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Bernoulli’s Ars Conjectandi presents an early law of large numbers","summary":"Jakob Bernoulli’s posthumous Ars Conjectandi was published with an early rigorous form of what became known as Bernoulli’s law of large numbers.","impact":"It showed that sample proportions from repeated trials stabilize near the underlying probability, creating a crucial bridge from probability to statistical estimation.","people":["Jakob Bernoulli"],"tags":["law of large numbers","probability"]},"es":{"title":"Ars Conjectandi de Bernoulli presenta una forma temprana de la ley de los grandes números","summary":"La obra póstuma Ars Conjectandi de Jakob Bernoulli se publicó con una formulación rigurosa temprana de la que sería conocida como ley de los grandes números de Bernoulli.","impact":"Mostró que las proporciones muestrales de ensayos repetidos se estabilizan cerca de la probabilidad subyacente, creando un puente decisivo entre probabilidad y estimación estadística.","people":["Jakob Bernoulli"],"tags":["ley de los grandes números","probabilidad"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"巴塞尔","country":"瑞士","lat":47.5596,"lon":7.5886,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Jakob_Bernoulli/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e005-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; 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precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e006-loc1"}},{"id":"e007","year":1733,"date":"1733","title":"棣莫弗给出二项分布的正态近似","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"probability","summary":"棣莫弗研究大量重复试验时二项分布的近似形式，得到正态曲线的早期表达；后来由拉普拉斯推广。","impact":"这是中心极限定理发展史的重要节点，使复杂离散概率可用连续分布近似。","people":["亚伯拉罕·棣莫弗"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Normal distribution history","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Normal_distribution/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["正态分布","中心极限定理"],"categoryLabel":"概率基础","i18n":{"en":{"title":"De Moivre derives a normal approximation to the binomial distribution","summary":"While studying large numbers of repeated trials, de Moivre obtained an early normal-curve approximation to the binomial distribution; Laplace later generalized the result.","impact":"This was a major step toward the central limit theorem, allowing difficult discrete probabilities to be approximated by a continuous distribution.","people":["Abraham de Moivre"],"tags":["normal distribution","central limit theorem"]},"es":{"title":"De Moivre obtiene una aproximación normal de la distribución binomial","summary":"Al estudiar un gran número de ensayos repetidos, De Moivre obtuvo una aproximación temprana de la distribución binomial mediante la curva normal; 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The essay considered how observed outcomes could be used to reason back to an unknown probability.","impact":"Its updating rule became the symbolic starting point of modern Bayesian statistics.","people":["Thomas Bayes","Richard Price"],"tags":["Bayesian inference","inverse probability"],"note":"The marker is placed in London, where Richard Price communicated the paper to the Royal Society. Bayes had died in 1761, leaving the manuscript in Kent."},"es":{"title":"La Royal Society publica el ensayo póstumo de Bayes","summary":"Richard Price preparó el manuscrito de Thomas Bayes para Philosophical Transactions. 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precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e008-loc1"}},{"id":"e009","year":1774,"date":"1774","title":"拉普拉斯系统发展逆概率方法","city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"category":"bayesian","summary":"拉普拉斯把逆概率用于参数估计，并推导了与后验分布、误差分析有关的结果。","impact":"贝叶斯思想从单一问题扩展为可处理天文、人口与测量数据的通用推断框架。","people":["皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Laplace biography","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Laplace/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["逆概率","参数估计"],"categoryLabel":"贝叶斯统计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Laplace develops inverse probability into a general method","summary":"Laplace applied inverse probability to parameter estimation and derived results related to posterior distributions and error analysis.","impact":"Bayesian reasoning expanded from a single problem into a general framework for astronomy, population studies and measurement data.","people":["Pierre-Simon Laplace"],"tags":["inverse probability","parameter estimation"]},"es":{"title":"Laplace convierte la probabilidad inversa en un método general","summary":"Laplace aplicó la probabilidad inversa a la estimación de parámetros y obtuvo resultados relacionados con distribuciones posteriores y análisis de errores.","impact":"El razonamiento bayesiano pasó de un problema aislado a un marco general para la astronomía, los estudios de población y los datos de medición.","people":["Pierre-Simon Laplace"],"tags":["probabilidad inversa","estimación de parámetros"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Laplace/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e009-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; 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This marker shows a well-supported administrative or historical centre, not the only place where it occurred."},"es":{"label":"Punto administrativo o histórico de referencia","note":"El acontecimiento fue amplio o distribuido geográficamente. El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e011-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e011-loc1"}},{"id":"e012","year":1801,"date":"1801","title":"大不列颠实施首次全国人口普查","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"official","summary":"1801年，英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰开展首次由国家统一组织的人口普查。爱尔兰没有纳入同一次普查。","impact":"十年一次的人口普查由此成为大不列颠人口统计与公共治理的基础制度。","people":["英国政府"],"sources":[{"title":"UK Parliament：The first census","url":"https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/census/"}],"importance":2,"precision":"代表点","note":"地图标在负责立法与中央行政的伦敦；1801年普查覆盖英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰，不等同于整个联合王国。","tags":["人口普查","官方统计"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Great Britain conducts its first national census","summary":"In 1801 England, Wales and Scotland carried out the first nationally organized census. Ireland was not included in the same enumeration.","impact":"The decennial census became a foundational institution for population statistics and public administration in Great Britain.","people":["British government"],"tags":["population census","official statistics"],"note":"The marker is placed in London, the centre of legislation and administration. The 1801 enumeration covered England, Wales and Scotland, not the whole United Kingdom."},"es":{"title":"Gran Bretaña realiza su primer censo nacional","summary":"En 1801, Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia realizaron el primer censo organizado a escala nacional. Irlanda no formó parte de la misma enumeración.","impact":"El censo decenal se convirtió en una institución fundamental para las estadísticas de población y la administración pública de Gran Bretaña.","people":["Gobierno británico"],"tags":["censo de población","estadística oficial"],"note":"El punto se sitúa en Londres, centro legislativo y administrativo. La enumeración de 1801 cubrió Inglaterra, Gales y Escocia, no todo el Reino Unido."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"representative","precision":"代表点","primary":true,"label":"行政或历史代表点","note":"这一事件覆盖范围广、过程分散，地图点只表示有明确依据的行政或历史关联中心，不代表事件仅发生在这里。","sourceUrls":["https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/overview/census/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Administrative or historical reference point","note":"The event was geographically broad or distributed. This marker shows a well-supported administrative or historical centre, not the only place where it occurred."},"es":{"label":"Punto administrativo o histórico de referencia","note":"El acontecimiento fue amplio o distribuido geográficamente. El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e012-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e012-loc1"}},{"id":"e013","year":1805,"date":"1805","title":"勒让德发表最小二乘法","city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"category":"modeling","summary":"阿德里安-马里·勒让德在处理彗星轨道问题的著作中首次公开发表最小二乘法。","impact":"通过最小化残差平方和估计未知量，成为回归、线性模型和测量误差分析的核心。","people":["阿德里安-马里·勒让德"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Least squares history","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Least_squares/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["最小二乘","回归"],"categoryLabel":"模型、回归与时间序列","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Legendre publishes the method of least squares","summary":"Adrien-Marie Legendre first published the method of least squares in a work on the calculation of cometary orbits.","impact":"Estimating unknown quantities by minimizing the sum of squared residuals became central to regression, linear models and measurement-error analysis.","people":["Adrien-Marie Legendre"],"tags":["least squares","regression"]},"es":{"title":"Legendre publica el método de mínimos cuadrados","summary":"Adrien-Marie Legendre publicó por primera vez el método de mínimos cuadrados en una obra sobre el cálculo de órbitas cometarias.","impact":"La estimación mediante la minimización de la suma de residuos al cuadrado se volvió central para la regresión, los modelos lineales y el análisis del error de medición.","people":["Adrien-Marie Legendre"],"tags":["mínimos cuadrados","regresión"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Least_squares/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e013-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; 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precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e014-loc1"}},{"id":"e015","year":1812,"date":"1812","title":"拉普拉斯《概率分析理论》出版","city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"category":"probability","summary":"《Théorie analytique des probabilités》总结并推进生成函数、极限定理、逆概率和误差理论。","impact":"概率论从零散技巧成为支撑统计推断的系统数学学科。","people":["皮埃尔-西蒙·拉普拉斯"],"sources":[{"title":"MacTutor：Laplace biography","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Laplace/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["概率理论","中心极限定理"],"categoryLabel":"概率基础","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Laplace publishes Théorie analytique des probabilités","summary":"Laplace’s treatise consolidated and advanced generating functions, limit theorems, inverse probability and the theory of errors.","impact":"Probability developed from a collection of techniques into a systematic mathematical discipline supporting statistical inference.","people":["Pierre-Simon Laplace"],"tags":["probability theory","central limit theorem"]},"es":{"title":"Laplace publica Théorie analytique des probabilités","summary":"El tratado de Laplace reunió y desarrolló funciones generadoras, teoremas límite, probabilidad inversa y teoría de errores.","impact":"La probabilidad pasó de ser un conjunto de técnicas a una disciplina matemática sistemática capaz de sostener la inferencia estadística.","people":["Pierre-Simon Laplace"],"tags":["teoría de la probabilidad","teorema central del límite"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Laplace/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e015-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e015-loc1"}},{"id":"e016","year":1834,"date":"1834-03-15","title":"伦敦统计学会成立（后为皇家统计学会）","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"official","summary":"在英国科学促进会统计分部推动下，伦敦统计学会于1834年成立，后获皇家特许并更名为皇家统计学会。","impact":"统计学形成稳定的专业共同体、期刊与公共服务传统。","people":["查尔斯·巴贝奇","阿道夫·凯特勒等"],"sources":[{"title":"Royal Statistical Society：Our History","url":"https://rss.org.uk/about/history/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["统计学会","专业化"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The Statistical Society of London is founded","summary":"The Statistical Society of London was founded in 1834 after work by the statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. It later received a royal charter and became the Royal Statistical Society.","impact":"Statistics gained a lasting professional community, journals and a tradition of public service.","people":["Charles Babbage","Adolphe Quetelet and others"],"tags":["statistical society","professionalization"]},"es":{"title":"Se funda la Statistical Society of London","summary":"La Statistical Society of London se fundó en 1834 tras la labor de la sección estadística de la British Association for the Advancement of Science. Más tarde recibió una carta real y se convirtió en la Royal Statistical Society.","impact":"La estadística adquirió una comunidad profesional estable, revistas y una tradición de servicio público.","people":["Charles Babbage","Adolphe Quetelet y otros"],"tags":["sociedad estadística","profesionalización"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"institution","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或机构关联城市","note":"资料支持该事件与这座城市中的作者或机构有关，但不足以把点位解释为某栋建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://rss.org.uk/about/history/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or institution city","note":"The sources support an author or institutional association with this city, but not a claim to a particular building."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad vinculada al autor o la institución","note":"Las fuentes respaldan la relación del autor o de la institución con esta ciudad, pero no permiten señalar un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e016-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"reclassified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e016-loc1"}},{"id":"e017","year":1835,"date":"1835","title":"凯特勒提出“平均人”与社会物理学","city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"category":"official","summary":"凯特勒出版《论人及其能力的发展》，用群体分布与平均值研究犯罪、身高等社会现象。","impact":"把概率与统计方法引入社会科学，也引发了对“平均”能否代表个体的长期讨论。","people":["阿道夫·凯特勒"],"sources":[{"title":"Britannica：Adolphe Quetelet","url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolphe-Quetelet"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["社会统计","平均数"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Quetelet proposes the ‘average man’ and social physics","summary":"Adolphe Quetelet published A Treatise on Man and used population distributions and averages to study crime, height and other social phenomena.","impact":"Probability and statistics entered the social sciences, while opening a lasting debate over whether an average can represent individuals.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["social statistics","mean"]},"es":{"title":"Quetelet propone el «hombre medio» y la física social","summary":"Adolphe Quetelet publicó Tratado del hombre y empleó distribuciones poblacionales y promedios para estudiar la delincuencia, la estatura y otros fenómenos sociales.","impact":"La probabilidad y la estadística entraron en las ciencias sociales, al tiempo que se abrió un debate duradero sobre si un promedio puede representar a las personas.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["estadística social","media"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolphe-Quetelet"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e017-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e017-loc1"}},{"id":"e018","year":1839,"date":"1839-11-27","title":"美国统计协会成立","city":"波士顿","country":"美国","lat":42.3601,"lon":-71.0589,"category":"official","summary":"五位创始人在波士顿成立美国统计协会（ASA），是美国最早的全国性科学专业组织之一。","impact":"推动官方统计、学术研究、教育和统计职业在北美制度化。","people":["William Cogswell","Richard Fletcher","John Dix Fisher","Oliver Peabody","Lemuel Shattuck"],"sources":[{"title":"American Statistical Association：History","url":"https://www.amstat.org/about-asa/history-of-the-asa"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["统计学会","专业化"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The American Statistical Association is founded","summary":"Five founders established the American Statistical Association in Boston, making it one of the oldest national scientific professional organizations in the United States.","impact":"It helped institutionalize official statistics, research, education and the statistical profession in North America.","people":["William Cogswell","Richard Fletcher","John Dix Fisher","Oliver Peabody","Lemuel Shattuck"],"tags":["statistical society","professionalization"]},"es":{"title":"Se funda la American Statistical Association","summary":"Cinco fundadores crearon en Boston la American Statistical Association, una de las organizaciones profesionales científicas nacionales más antiguas de Estados Unidos.","impact":"Contribuyó a institucionalizar la estadística oficial, la investigación, la educación y la profesión estadística en Norteamérica.","people":["William Cogswell","Richard Fletcher","John Dix Fisher","Oliver Peabody","Lemuel Shattuck"],"tags":["sociedad estadística","profesionalización"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"波士顿","country":"美国","lat":42.3601,"lon":-71.0589,"role":"institution","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或机构关联城市","note":"资料支持该事件与这座城市中的作者或机构有关，但不足以把点位解释为某栋建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://www.amstat.org/about-asa/history-of-the-asa"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or institution city","note":"The sources support an author or institutional association with this city, but not a claim to a particular building."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad vinculada al autor o la institución","note":"Las fuentes respaldan la relación del autor o de la institución con esta ciudad, pero no permiten señalar un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e018-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"reclassified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e018-loc1"}},{"id":"e019","year":1839,"date":"1839","title":"威廉·法尔在总登记处推进生命统计与死因分类","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"official","summary":"法尔于1839年进入英格兰和威尔士总登记处，并在首份年度报告中强调统一死因名称与统计分类的重要性。","impact":"他随后对死亡资料的系统整理与分析，深刻影响了现代生命统计、公共卫生监测和国际疾病分类。","people":["威廉·法尔"],"sources":[{"title":"美国国家卫生统计中心：疾病与死因统计分类史","url":"https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/classification_diseases2011.pdf"},{"title":"Office for National Statistics：William Farr","url":"https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/programmesandprojects/historyofons/williamfarr"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"1839年是法尔出任总登记处摘要编纂员、并在首份年度报告中提出统一死因分类要求的节点。","tags":["生命统计","死因分类","公共卫生"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"William Farr advances vital statistics and cause-of-death classification at the General Register Office","summary":"Farr joined the General Register Office for England and Wales in 1839 and used its first annual report to stress the need for uniform cause-of-death nomenclature and statistical classification.","impact":"His subsequent organization and analysis of mortality data deeply influenced modern vital statistics, public-health surveillance and the international classification of diseases.","people":["William Farr"],"tags":["vital statistics","cause-of-death classification","public health"],"note":"The marker uses 1839, when Farr became compiler of abstracts at the General Register Office and called for uniform cause-of-death classification in its first annual report."},"es":{"title":"William Farr impulsa las estadísticas vitales y la clasificación de causas de muerte en el General Register Office","summary":"Farr se incorporó en 1839 al General Register Office de Inglaterra y Gales y utilizó su primer informe anual para subrayar la necesidad de una nomenclatura y una clasificación estadística uniformes de las causas de muerte.","impact":"Su posterior organización y análisis de los datos de mortalidad influyeron profundamente en las estadísticas vitales modernas, la vigilancia de salud pública y la clasificación internacional de enfermedades.","people":["William Farr"],"tags":["estadísticas vitales","clasificación de causas de muerte","salud pública"],"note":"El punto utiliza 1839, cuando Farr fue nombrado compilador de resúmenes del General Register Office y pidió una clasificación uniforme de las causas de muerte en su primer informe anual."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"年份由1840年更正为1839年。美国国家卫生统计中心的历史报告记载，法尔于1839年进入总登记处，并在首份年度报告中提出统一死因名称和统计分类。","en":"The year was corrected from 1840 to 1839. The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics records that Farr joined the General Register Office in 1839 and called for uniform cause-of-death nomenclature and statistical classification in its first annual report.","es":"El año se corrigió de 1840 a 1839. El National Center for Health Statistics de Estados Unidos documenta que Farr se incorporó al General Register Office en 1839 y pidió una nomenclatura y clasificación estadística uniformes de las causas de muerte en su primer informe anual."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"institution","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或机构关联城市","note":"资料支持该事件与这座城市中的作者或机构有关，但不足以把点位解释为某栋建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/misc/classification_diseases2011.pdf","https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/programmesandprojects/historyofons/williamfarr"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or institution city","note":"The sources support an author or institutional association with this city, but not a claim to a particular building."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad vinculada al autor o la institución","note":"Las fuentes respaldan la relación del autor o de la institución con esta ciudad, pero no permiten señalar un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e019-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"reclassified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e019-loc1"}},{"id":"e020","year":1846,"date":"1846","title":"比利时人口普查采用凯特勒的科学组织方法","city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"category":"survey","summary":"凯特勒参与设计1846年比利时人口普查，强调统一定义、表式和质量控制。","impact":"展示了统计学家如何把可比性与标准化嵌入国家调查。","people":["阿道夫·凯特勒"],"sources":[{"title":"Statistics Belgium：Census history","url":"https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/census/census-2021/history-census"}],"importance":2,"precision":"代表点","note":"","tags":["人口普查","标准化"],"categoryLabel":"调查与抽样","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Belgium’s census adopts Quetelet’s scientific organization","summary":"Quetelet helped design Belgium’s 1846 census, emphasizing uniform definitions, forms and quality control.","impact":"It showed how comparability and standardization could be built into a national survey.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["population census","standardization"]},"es":{"title":"El censo belga adopta la organización científica de Quetelet","summary":"Quetelet colaboró en el diseño del censo belga de 1846 y subrayó la necesidad de definiciones, formularios y controles de calidad uniformes.","impact":"Mostró cómo incorporar comparabilidad y normalización en una encuesta nacional.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["censo de población","normalización"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"role":"representative","precision":"代表点","primary":true,"label":"行政或历史代表点","note":"这一事件覆盖范围广、过程分散，地图点只表示有明确依据的行政或历史关联中心，不代表事件仅发生在这里。","sourceUrls":["https://statbel.fgov.be/en/themes/census/census-2021/history-census"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Administrative or historical reference point","note":"The event was geographically broad or distributed. This marker shows a well-supported administrative or historical centre, not the only place where it occurred."},"es":{"label":"Punto administrativo o histórico de referencia","note":"El acontecimiento fue amplio o distribuido geográficamente. El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e020-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e020-loc1"}},{"id":"e021","year":1853,"date":"1853","title":"首届国际统计大会召开","city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"category":"official","summary":"凯特勒召集首届国际统计大会，各国代表讨论人口、犯罪、卫生和经济统计的统一标准。","impact":"统计可比性首次成为持续的国际合作议题，并为国际统计学会奠定组织基础。","people":["阿道夫·凯特勒"],"sources":[{"title":"International Statistical Institute：History","url":"https://isi-web.org/history-isi"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["国际合作","官方统计"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The first International Statistical Congress meets","summary":"Quetelet convened the first International Statistical Congress, where delegates discussed common standards for population, crime, health and economic statistics.","impact":"Statistical comparability became an enduring subject of international cooperation and laid organizational groundwork for the International Statistical Institute.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["international cooperation","official statistics"]},"es":{"title":"Se reúne el primer Congreso Internacional de Estadística","summary":"Quetelet convocó el primer Congreso Internacional de Estadística, donde delegados debatieron normas comunes para estadísticas de población, delincuencia, salud y economía.","impact":"La comparabilidad estadística se convirtió en un asunto permanente de cooperación internacional y preparó el terreno para el International Statistical Institute.","people":["Adolphe Quetelet"],"tags":["cooperación internacional","estadística oficial"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"布鲁塞尔","country":"比利时","lat":50.8503,"lon":4.3517,"role":"conference","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"会议举办地","note":"该点表示会议或正式通过事项的举办地。","sourceUrls":["https://isi-web.org/history-isi"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Conference venue city","note":"This point marks the city where the meeting or formal adoption took place."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad de la reunión","note":"El punto marca la ciudad donde tuvo lugar la reunión o adopción formal."}},"id":"e021-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e021-loc1"}},{"id":"e022","year":1854,"date":"1854","title":"约翰·斯诺在1854年霍乱调查中结合地图与供水资料","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5135,"lon":-0.1365,"category":"visualization","summary":"在1854年伦敦苏豪区霍乱暴发期间，斯诺记录死亡地点、调查取水行为，并比较不同供水来源。今天最著名的地图和完整调查结果主要见于1855年的出版物。","impact":"这项工作说明空间图形需要与访谈、病例资料和比较分析结合；地图不是单独证明因果关系的全部证据。","people":["约翰·斯诺"],"sources":[{"title":"Royal College of Surgeons：Mapping disease: John Snow and Cholera","url":"https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/mapping-disease-john-snow-and-cholera/"},{"title":"Wellcome Collection：On the Mode of Communication of Cholera（1855）","url":"https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uqa27qrt"}],"importance":3,"precision":"街区级","note":"地图标在苏豪区旧Broad Street水泵附近。事件年份指1854年暴发与现场调查；代表性地图及报告于1855年出版。","tags":["地图","空间统计","流行病学"],"categoryLabel":"可视化与传播","i18n":{"en":{"title":"John Snow combines mapping with water-supply evidence in the 1854 cholera investigation","summary":"During the 1854 Soho outbreak, Snow recorded deaths, investigated where residents obtained water and compared water suppliers. The best-known map and fuller account appeared mainly in publications from 1855.","impact":"The episode shows that a spatial graphic works with interviews, case records and comparative analysis; the map alone was not the whole causal argument.","people":["John Snow"],"tags":["mapping","spatial statistics","epidemiology"],"note":"The marker is near the former Broad Street pump in Soho. The year refers to the 1854 outbreak and field investigation; the representative map and reports were published in 1855."},"es":{"title":"John Snow combina mapas y datos del suministro de agua en la investigación del cólera de 1854","summary":"Durante el brote de Soho de 1854, Snow registró las muertes, investigó dónde obtenían agua los residentes y comparó distintos proveedores. El mapa más conocido y la exposición más completa aparecieron sobre todo en publicaciones de 1855.","impact":"El episodio muestra que un gráfico espacial debe combinarse con entrevistas, registros de casos y análisis comparativos; el mapa por sí solo no constituyó toda la argumentación causal.","people":["John Snow"],"tags":["cartografía","estadística espacial","epidemiología"],"note":"El punto está cerca de la antigua bomba de Broad Street, en Soho. El año corresponde al brote y a la investigación de 1854; el mapa representativo y los informes se publicaron en 1855."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5135,"lon":-0.1365,"role":"field_site","precision":"街区级","primary":true,"label":"调查或现场地点","note":"该点表示有史料支持的调查或实践现场。","sourceUrls":["https://www.rcseng.ac.uk/library-and-publications/library/blog/mapping-disease-john-snow-and-cholera/","https://wellcomecollection.org/works/uqa27qrt"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Field or investigation site","note":"This point marks a documented field, investigation or practice site."},"es":{"label":"Lugar de trabajo de campo","note":"El punto señala un lugar documentado de investigación o práctica."}},"id":"e022-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e022-loc1"}},{"id":"e023","year":1858,"date":"1858","title":"南丁格尔用极坐标面积图推动军队卫生改革","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"visualization","summary":"南丁格尔用“鸡冠图”展示克里米亚战争中可预防疾病死亡远高于战伤死亡，并向政府和公众传播。","impact":"证明统计图形可以直接改变政策，是证据传播和公共卫生统计的里程碑。","people":["弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔"],"sources":[{"title":"Science Museum：Florence Nightingale and statistics","url":"https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/florence-nightingale-pioneer-statistician"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["极坐标图","公共卫生","政策"],"categoryLabel":"可视化与传播","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Nightingale uses polar-area charts to press for military health reform","summary":"Florence Nightingale used her ‘coxcomb’ diagrams to show that preventable disease killed far more soldiers in the Crimean War than battle wounds, and presented the evidence to government and the public.","impact":"She demonstrated that statistical graphics could change policy, creating a landmark in evidence communication and public-health statistics.","people":["Florence Nightingale"],"tags":["polar-area chart","public health","policy"]},"es":{"title":"Nightingale usa diagramas de área polar para impulsar la reforma sanitaria militar","summary":"Florence Nightingale utilizó sus diagramas de «cresta de gallo» para mostrar que las enfermedades prevenibles causaron muchas más muertes en la guerra de Crimea que las heridas de combate, y llevó la evidencia al gobierno y al público.","impact":"Demostró que los gráficos estadísticos podían cambiar políticas, un hito de la comunicación de evidencia y la estadística de salud pública.","people":["Florence Nightingale"],"tags":["diagrama de área polar","salud pública","política"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/florence-nightingale-pioneer-statistician"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e023-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e023-loc1"}},{"id":"e024","year":1869,"date":"1869","title":"高尔顿用数量比较研究遗传与人类差异","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"modeling","summary":"1869年的《遗传的天才》使用家族资料和等级比较讨论所谓“才能”的遗传，属于后来相关与回归研究的前史，而不是这些方法的正式提出。","impact":"这项工作推动了人类特征的数量研究，也把统计测量与优生学计划纠缠在一起。其人群等级化和遗传决定论主张今天受到严厉批判。","people":["弗朗西斯·高尔顿"],"sources":[{"title":"UCL Galton Collection","url":"https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/galton-collection"}],"importance":2,"precision":"城市级","note":"收录这一事件是为了说明统计方法与优生学史的真实联系，并不表示认可高尔顿的价值判断或社会主张。","tags":["人类测量","遗传统计","优生学史"],"categoryLabel":"模型、回归与时间序列","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Galton uses quantitative comparison to study heredity and human differences","summary":"Hereditary Genius (1869) used family records and rankings to argue about the inheritance of supposed “ability.” It belongs to the prehistory of correlation and regression, not their formal introduction.","impact":"The work encouraged quantitative study of human traits while entangling statistical measurement with eugenics. Its ranking of populations and hereditarian claims are now sharply criticized.","people":["Francis Galton"],"tags":["anthropometry","heredity statistics","history of eugenics"],"note":"The entry documents a real connection between statistical history and eugenics; inclusion does not endorse Galton’s social programme or value judgments."},"es":{"title":"Galton usa comparaciones cuantitativas para estudiar la herencia y las diferencias humanas","summary":"Hereditary Genius (1869) utilizó registros familiares y clasificaciones para argumentar sobre la herencia de una supuesta “capacidad”. Pertenece a la prehistoria de la correlación y la regresión, no a su formulación matemática.","impact":"El trabajo impulsó el estudio cuantitativo de rasgos humanos, pero vinculó la medición estadística con la eugenesia. Sus jerarquías de población y afirmaciones hereditarias son hoy objeto de fuertes críticas.","people":["Francis Galton"],"tags":["antropometría","estadística de la herencia","historia de la eugenesia"],"note":"La entrada documenta un vínculo histórico real entre la estadística y la eugenesia; su inclusión no respalda el programa social ni los juicios de valor de Galton."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.ucl.ac.uk/culture/galton-collection"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e024-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e024-loc1"}},{"id":"e025","year":1881,"date":"1881","title":"印度首次完整同步十年人口普查","city":"加尔各答","country":"英属印度","lat":22.5726,"lon":88.3639,"category":"official","summary":"在1872年非同步普查尝试之后，英属印度于1881年完成首次完整同步人口普查，并由此确立十年一次的制度。","impact":"在超大、多语言人口中发展了复杂的调查组织、分类和跨地区可比实践。","people":["英属印度政府"],"sources":[{"title":"Census of India：History","url":"https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/node/325"}],"importance":2,"precision":"代表点","note":"1872年是首次覆盖广泛但非同步的普查尝试；1881年通常被认定为首次完整同步十年普查。","tags":["人口普查","南亚"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"India completes its first full synchronous decennial census","summary":"After the non-synchronous census effort of 1872, British India completed its first full synchronous census in 1881 and established a decennial series.","impact":"The undertaking developed complex practices for survey organization, classification and comparability across a vast, multilingual population.","people":["Government of British India"],"tags":["population census","South Asia"],"note":"The 1872 exercise was the first wide-ranging but non-synchronous attempt; 1881 is generally recognized as the first complete synchronous decennial census."},"es":{"title":"India completa su primer censo decenal plenamente sincrónico","summary":"Tras el intento censal no sincrónico de 1872, la India británica completó en 1881 su primer censo plenamente sincrónico y estableció una serie decenal.","impact":"La operación desarrolló prácticas complejas de organización, clasificación y comparabilidad en una población enorme y multilingüe.","people":["Gobierno de la India británica"],"tags":["censo de población","Asia meridional"],"note":"El ejercicio de 1872 fue el primer intento de amplia cobertura, pero no fue sincrónico; 1881 suele reconocerse como el primer censo decenal completo y sincrónico."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"保留1881年作为首次完整同步十年普查，并明确1872年已有覆盖广泛但不同步的先行尝试。","en":"The entry retains 1881 as the first complete synchronous decennial census while explicitly noting the broad but non-synchronous 1872 precursor.","es":"La entrada mantiene 1881 como el primer censo decenal completo y sincrónico, y señala expresamente el antecedente amplio pero no sincrónico de 1872."}},"locations":[{"city":"加尔各答","country":"英属印度","lat":22.5726,"lon":88.3639,"role":"representative","precision":"代表点","primary":true,"label":"行政或历史代表点","note":"这一事件覆盖范围广、过程分散，地图点只表示有明确依据的行政或历史关联中心，不代表事件仅发生在这里。","sourceUrls":["https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/node/325"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Administrative or historical reference point","note":"The event was geographically broad or distributed. This marker shows a well-supported administrative or historical centre, not the only place where it occurred."},"es":{"label":"Punto administrativo o histórico de referencia","note":"El acontecimiento fue amplio o distribuido geográficamente. El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e025-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e025-loc1"}},{"id":"e026","year":1885,"date":"1885（报告）；1886（发表）","title":"高尔顿报告“回归趋向平庸”","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"modeling","summary":"高尔顿在1885年的报告中描述父母与成年子女身高之间的回归现象；更完整的论文于1886年发表。“回归到平均”是后来的常用表述。","impact":"回归由描述代际身高关系的经验现象，逐渐发展为统计建模的核心思想。","people":["弗朗西斯·高尔顿"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文：Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature","url":"https://galton.org/essays/1880-1889/galton-1886-jaigi-regression-stature.pdf"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"地图年份采用1885年口头报告；论文《Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature》发表于1886年。标题中的历史术语不代表今天的价值判断。","tags":["回归","条件均值"],"categoryLabel":"模型、回归与时间序列","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Galton reports “regression towards mediocrity”","summary":"In an 1885 presentation Galton described regression in the heights of parents and their adult children; the fuller paper appeared in 1886. “Regression to the mean” is the later standard phrase.","impact":"An empirical pattern in intergenerational height became the starting point for one of statistical modelling’s central ideas.","people":["Francis Galton"],"tags":["regression","conditional mean"],"note":"The timeline uses the 1885 presentation; Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature was published in 1886. The historical wording is not a modern value judgment."},"es":{"title":"Galton presenta la “regresión hacia la mediocridad”","summary":"En una presentación de 1885, Galton describió la regresión en la estatura de padres e hijos adultos; el artículo más completo apareció en 1886. “Regresión a la media” es la expresión posterior habitual.","impact":"Un patrón empírico de estatura intergeneracional se convirtió en el punto de partida de una idea central de la modelización estadística.","people":["Francis Galton"],"tags":["regresión","media condicional"],"note":"La cronología utiliza la presentación de 1885; Regression towards Mediocrity in Hereditary Stature se publicó en 1886. La terminología histórica no expresa un juicio de valor actual."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://galton.org/essays/1880-1889/galton-1886-jaigi-regression-stature.pdf"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e026-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e026-loc1"}},{"id":"e027","year":1885,"date":"1885-06-24","title":"国际统计学会成立并开启定期国际大会","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.5074,"lon":-0.1278,"category":"official","summary":"国际统计学会于1885年在伦敦成立，并于1887年在罗马举行首届正式大会。政府统计人员与学术统计学家由此形成持续运作的国际交流网络。","impact":"跨国统计合作从一次性会议发展为长期专业共同体，方法、标准与官方统计经验得以持续传播。","people":["国际统计学会创始成员","国际统计学会"],"sources":[{"title":"International Statistical Institute：History","url":"https://isi-web.org/history-isi"},{"title":"ISI：1887 first session","url":"https://isi-web.org/1885-1887-creation-isi-its-1st-session-rome"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"本条以1885年成立为时间点，同时保留1887年罗马首届正式大会。两个年份和城市共同构成这一制度性转折。","tags":["国际组织","统计学会","世界统计大会"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The International Statistical Institute is founded and begins a regular world congress","summary":"The International Statistical Institute was founded in London in 1885 and held its first formal session in Rome in 1887. 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Estadísticos de gobiernos y universidades obtuvieron un foro internacional permanente.","impact":"La cooperación estadística internacional pasó de reuniones ocasionales a una comunidad profesional duradera para compartir métodos, normas y prácticas de estadística oficial.","people":["Miembros fundadores del International Statistical Institute","International Statistical Institute"],"tags":["organización internacional","sociedad estadística","Congreso Mundial de Estadística"],"note":"La cronología usa la fundación de 1885 y conserva también la primera sesión formal celebrada en Roma en 1887. 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Weldon contribuyeron a crear Biometrika como revista dedicada a los métodos estadísticos en biología.","impact":"La metodología estadística obtuvo una revista de investigación propia y la bioestadística se convirtió en uno de los principales focos de crecimiento de la estadística moderna.","people":["Karl Pearson","Francis Galton","W. F. R. 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the point marks the St James’s Gate brewery area rather than central Dublin."},"es":{"label":"Cervecería Guinness de St James’s Gate","note":"Gosset desarrolló su trabajo de muestras pequeñas en Guinness; el punto marca la zona de St James’s Gate y no el centro de Dublín."}},"id":"e034-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e034-loc1"}},{"id":"e035","year":1912,"date":"1912","title":"基尼发表后来以其命名的变异指标","city":"卡利亚里","country":"意大利","lat":39.2238,"lon":9.1217,"category":"official","summary":"基尼在1912年的《变异性与可变性》中讨论多种离散程度指标，其中包括后来发展为基尼指数的形式；它并非一开始就只用于收入。","impact":"这一指标后来成为衡量收入、财富及其他分布不平等程度的常用工具。","people":["科拉多·基尼"],"sources":[{"title":"原始著作：Variabilità e mutabilità（1912）","url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Variabilit%C3%A0_e_mutabilit%C3%A0.html?id=fqjaBPMxB9kC"},{"title":"Ceriani与Verme：The Origins of the Gini Index","url":"https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecinq/v10y2012i3p421-443.html"}],"importance":2,"precision":"城市级","note":"该书属于卡利亚里大学法学院的研究丛书，由博洛尼亚的Cuppini印刷。地图标在基尼当时任教的卡利亚里。","tags":["不平等","社会统计"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Gini publishes a measure of variability later associated with his name","summary":"In Variabilità e mutabilità (1912), Gini discussed several measures of dispersion, including forms that developed into the Gini index. 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El punto se sitúa en Cagliari, donde Gini enseñaba entonces."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"卡利亚里","country":"意大利","lat":39.2238,"lon":9.1217,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://books.google.com/books/about/Variabilit%C3%A0_e_mutabilit%C3%A0.html?id=fqjaBPMxB9kC","https://ideas.repec.org/a/kap/jecinq/v10y2012i3p421-443.html"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e035-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e035-loc1"}},{"id":"e036","year":1918,"date":"1918","title":"费希尔分解方差并连接遗传模型","city":"布拉德菲尔德","country":"英国","lat":51.4493,"lon":-1.1306,"category":"inference","summary":"费希尔在《The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance》中展示连续性状方差如何由遗传因素解释。","impact":"方差分析思想、遗传统计与现代数量遗传学由此汇合。","people":["罗纳德·费希尔"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文（Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh）","url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0080456800012163"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"地图不再把这项工作笼统放在伦敦：主点标在费希尔当时任教的布拉德菲尔德学院，另列论文出版机构所在的爱丁堡。","tags":["方差","遗传统计"],"categoryLabel":"统计推断与试验设计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Fisher partitions variance and connects it with Mendelian inheritance","summary":"In The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance, Fisher showed how the variance of continuous traits could be explained by genetic factors.","impact":"Ideas of variance analysis, statistical genetics and modern quantitative genetics converged.","people":["Ronald A. 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El marcador señala un centro administrativo o histórico bien documentado, no el único lugar donde ocurrió."}},"id":"e038-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e038-loc1"}},{"id":"e039","year":1921,"date":"1921","title":"赖特提出路径分析","city":"华盛顿","country":"美国","lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"category":"causal","summary":"遗传学家Sewall Wright用路径图和路径系数分解变量间相关结构。","impact":"路径分析成为结构方程模型和现代因果图方法的重要祖先。","people":["休厄尔·赖特"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文：Correlation and Causation","url":"https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/class/soc952/Wright/Wright_Correlation%20and%20Causation.pdf"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"","tags":["路径分析","因果图","结构方程"],"categoryLabel":"因果推断","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Wright introduces path analysis","summary":"Geneticist Sewall Wright used path diagrams and path coefficients to decompose correlation structures among variables.","impact":"Path analysis became an important ancestor of structural equation models and modern causal-graph methods.","people":["Sewall Wright"],"tags":["path analysis","causal graph","structural equations"]},"es":{"title":"Wright introduce el análisis de senderos","summary":"El genetista Sewall Wright utilizó diagramas de senderos y coeficientes de trayectoria para descomponer estructuras de correlación entre variables.","impact":"El análisis de senderos se convirtió en un antecedente importante de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales y los métodos modernos de grafos causales.","people":["Sewall Wright"],"tags":["análisis de senderos","grafo causal","ecuaciones estructurales"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"华盛顿","country":"美国","lat":38.9072,"lon":-77.0369,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/soc/class/soc952/Wright/Wright_Correlation%20and%20Causation.pdf"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e039-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e039-loc1"}},{"id":"e040","year":1922,"date":"1922","title":"费希尔系统提出极大似然、充分性与信息量","city":"哈彭登","country":"英国","lat":51.8098,"lon":-0.3532,"category":"inference","summary":"费希尔在皇家学会论文中重新组织估计理论，明确极大似然、充分统计量和Fisher信息等概念。","impact":"现代参数推断的核心词汇与效率标准由此形成。","people":["罗纳德·费希尔"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文：On the Mathematical Foundations of Theoretical Statistics","url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1922.0009"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"论文署名显示费希尔是罗瑟姆斯特德试验站首席统计学家。地图标在试验站所在的哈彭登，而不是皇家学会的出版地伦敦。","tags":["极大似然","充分性","Fisher信息"],"categoryLabel":"统计推断与试验设计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Fisher systematizes maximum likelihood, sufficiency and information","summary":"In a Royal Society paper, Fisher reorganized estimation theory and clarified concepts including maximum likelihood, sufficient statistics and Fisher information.","impact":"The central vocabulary and efficiency criteria of modern parametric inference took shape.","people":["Ronald A. 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Por ello, el punto se sitúa en Harpenden y no en Londres, sede editorial de la Royal Society."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"哈彭登","country":"英国","lat":51.8098,"lon":-0.3532,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"罗瑟姆斯特德试验站","note":"点位表示罗瑟姆斯特德研究园区范围，不对应某一试验田或办公室。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1922.0009"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Rothamsted Experimental Station","note":"The point marks the Rothamsted research campus, not a particular plot or office."},"es":{"label":"Estación Experimental de Rothamsted","note":"El punto marca el campus de Rothamsted, no una parcela u oficina concreta."}},"id":"e040-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e040-loc1"}},{"id":"e041","year":1924,"date":"1924","title":"休哈特绘制首张统计过程控制图","city":"纽约","country":"美国","lat":40.7344,"lon":-74.0118,"category":"quality","summary":"休哈特在西部电气工程部门工作期间，用控制界限区分普通波动与特殊原因波动；该部门的研究职能于1925年转入新成立的贝尔电话实验室。","impact":"统计质量控制把推断直接嵌入工业生产过程，影响制造业与持续改进。","people":["沃尔特·休哈特"],"sources":[{"title":"ASQ：Walter A. 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Bell Telephone Laboratories was formed in 1925 and then carried forward the related research organization."},"es":{"title":"Shewhart traza el primer gráfico de control estadístico de procesos","summary":"Mientras trabajaba en la organización de ingeniería de Western Electric, Shewhart utilizó límites de control para distinguir la variación común de la debida a causas especiales; sus funciones de investigación pasaron en 1925 a los recién creados Bell Telephone Laboratories.","impact":"El control estadístico de calidad incorporó la inferencia al proceso productivo y transformó la fabricación y la mejora continua.","people":["Walter A. Shewhart"],"tags":["gráfico de control","gestión de la calidad"],"note":"El memorando de 1924 sobre el gráfico de control fue escrito cuando Shewhart trabajaba en Western Electric. Bell Telephone Laboratories se constituyó en 1925 y asumió después la organización de investigación relacionada."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"更正了机构时代错置：ASQ资料显示休哈特1918—1924年任职西部电气，1925年起才在贝尔电话实验室；1924年5月16日控制图备忘录不能直接写成“在贝尔实验室”。","en":"An institutional anachronism was corrected. ASQ records Shewhart at Western Electric from 1918 to 1924 and at Bell Telephone Laboratories from 1925; the control-chart memorandum of 16 May 1924 should not be described simply as work done “at Bell Laboratories.”","es":"Se corrigió un anacronismo institucional. ASQ sitúa a Shewhart en Western Electric entre 1918 y 1924 y en Bell Telephone Laboratories desde 1925; el memorando del 16 de mayo de 1924 no debe describirse simplemente como trabajo realizado “en Bell Laboratories”."}},"locations":[{"city":"纽约","country":"美国","lat":40.7344,"lon":-74.0118,"role":"research_site","precision":"街区级","primary":true,"label":"西部电气工程部旧址附近","note":"点位落在西部电气工程部旧址所在的West Street一带；它表示有文献支持的街区，不声称精确到备忘录写作房间。","sourceUrls":["https://asq.org/about-asq/honorary-members/shewhart"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Near the former Western Electric engineering offices","note":"The point lies in the West Street area associated with Western Electric’s engineering department; it marks the documented neighbourhood, not the room where the memorandum was written."},"es":{"label":"Cerca de las antiguas oficinas de ingeniería de Western Electric","note":"El punto se sitúa en la zona de West Street vinculada al departamento de ingeniería de Western Electric; marca el barrio documentado, no la sala donde se escribió el memorando."}},"id":"e041-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e041-loc1"}},{"id":"e042","year":1925,"date":"1925","title":"《研究工作者的统计方法》出版","city":"哈彭登","country":"英国","lat":51.8098,"lon":-0.3532,"category":"inference","summary":"费希尔把相关、回归、方差分析、显著性检验和实验数据分析整理为可操作的方法体系。","impact":"统计学从少数专家的理论转化为实验研究者可直接使用的工具箱。","people":["罗纳德·费希尔"],"sources":[{"title":"Rothamsted：Fisher archive","url":"https://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/history/ronald-fisher"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"","tags":["统计教材","显著性检验"],"categoryLabel":"统计推断与试验设计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Statistical Methods for Research Workers is published","summary":"Fisher organized correlation, regression, analysis of variance, significance tests and experimental-data analysis into a practical methodological system.","impact":"Statistics moved from specialist theory toward a toolkit that experimental researchers could use directly.","people":["Ronald A. 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El análisis de varianza no nació de una sola vez ese año, sino que se desarrolló en trabajos anteriores de Fisher."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"哈彭登","country":"英国","lat":51.8098,"lon":-0.3532,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"罗瑟姆斯特德试验站","note":"点位表示罗瑟姆斯特德研究园区范围，不对应某一试验田或办公室。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1980.10482701"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Rothamsted Experimental Station","note":"The point marks the Rothamsted research campus, not a particular plot or office."},"es":{"label":"Estación Experimental de Rothamsted","note":"El punto marca el campus de Rothamsted, no una parcela u oficina concreta."}},"id":"e043-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e043-loc1"}},{"id":"e045","year":1931,"date":"1931-12-17","title":"印度统计研究所成立","city":"加尔各答","country":"印度","lat":22.576,"lon":88.3629,"category":"official","summary":"P. 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Mahalanobis fundó en Calcuta el Indian Statistical Institute, uniendo teoría estadística, planificación nacional, agricultura y encuestas sociales.","impact":"Se convirtió en uno de los centros de investigación estadística más influyentes fuera de Europa y Norteamérica.","people":["P. C. 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La cronología utiliza la fecha de 1945 del artículo público central."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"纽约","country":"美国","lat":40.8075,"lon":-73.9626,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"哥伦比亚大学统计研究组","note":"Wald在哥伦比亚大学战时统计研究组开展序贯分析工作；点位表示大学校园范围。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177731118"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Columbia University Statistical Research Group","note":"Wald developed sequential analysis within Columbia University’s wartime Statistical Research Group; the point marks the university area."},"es":{"label":"Grupo de Investigación Estadística de la Universidad de Columbia","note":"Wald desarrolló el análisis secuencial en el Grupo de Investigación Estadística de la Universidad de Columbia durante la guerra; el punto marca el área universitaria."}},"id":"e050-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e050-loc1"}},{"id":"e052","year":1945,"date":"1945","title":"Wilcoxon秩检验推动非参数统计","city":"斯坦福（康涅狄格州）","country":"美国","lat":41.0534,"lon":-73.5387,"category":"inference","summary":"Frank Wilcoxon提出基于秩的配对和两样本检验，不要求正态分布。","impact":"研究者可在分布假设较弱时进行稳健比较，非参数方法进入主流。","people":["Frank Wilcoxon"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文：Individual Comparisons by Ranking Methods","url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3001968"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"Wilcoxon当时在康涅狄格州斯坦福的American Cyanamid研究实验室工作。地点依据其工作机构，不是期刊编辑部。","tags":["非参数检验","秩检验"],"categoryLabel":"统计推断与试验设计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Wilcoxon rank tests advance nonparametric statistics","summary":"Frank Wilcoxon introduced rank-based tests for paired and two-sample comparisons that did not require normality.","impact":"Researchers gained robust comparison methods under weaker distributional assumptions, bringing nonparametric statistics into the mainstream.","people":["Frank Wilcoxon"],"tags":["nonparametric test","rank test"],"note":"Wilcoxon was working at the American Cyanamid research laboratory in Stamford, Connecticut. The marker follows his workplace rather than the journal office."},"es":{"title":"Las pruebas de rangos de Wilcoxon impulsan la estadística no paramétrica","summary":"Frank Wilcoxon introdujo pruebas basadas en rangos para comparaciones pareadas y de dos muestras sin exigir normalidad.","impact":"Los investigadores obtuvieron métodos robustos de comparación con supuestos distributivos más débiles, y la estadística no paramétrica entró en la práctica habitual.","people":["Frank Wilcoxon"],"tags":["prueba no paramétrica","prueba de rangos"],"note":"Wilcoxon trabajaba entonces en el laboratorio de investigación de American Cyanamid en Stamford, Connecticut. El punto sigue su lugar de trabajo, no la oficina de la revista."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"斯坦福（康涅狄格州）","country":"美国","lat":41.0534,"lon":-73.5387,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.jstor.org/stable/3001968"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e052-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e052-loc1"}},{"id":"e051","year":1946,"date":"约1946","title":"蒙特卡洛方法在洛斯阿拉莫斯形成","city":"洛斯阿拉莫斯","country":"美国","lat":35.8757,"lon":-106.2923,"category":"computing","summary":"约在1946年前后，Ulam、von Neumann等人在洛斯阿拉莫斯把随机抽样用于复杂核物理计算，随后以“Monte Carlo”命名。","impact":"随机模拟成为高维积分、贝叶斯计算、不确定性传播和物理仿真的通用方法。","people":["斯塔尼斯拉夫·乌拉姆","约翰·冯·诺依曼","尼古拉斯·梅特罗波利斯"],"sources":[{"title":"Los Alamos National Laboratory：The Monte Carlo Method","url":"https://discover.lanl.gov/publications/national-security-science/2020-summer/the-monte-carlo-method/"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"蒙特卡洛方法在战争末期到战后数年间逐渐成形。地图采用乌拉姆在洛斯阿拉莫斯提出随机模拟思路的常见年代。","tags":["蒙特卡洛","模拟"],"categoryLabel":"统计计算与算法","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The Monte Carlo method takes shape at Los Alamos","summary":"Around 1946, Stanislaw Ulam, John von Neumann and colleagues at Los Alamos began using random sampling for difficult nuclear-physics calculations; the approach was soon named ‘Monte Carlo’.","impact":"Random simulation became a general method for high-dimensional integration, Bayesian computation, uncertainty propagation and physical modelling.","people":["Stanislaw Ulam","John von Neumann","Nicholas Metropolis"],"tags":["Monte Carlo","simulation"],"note":"The method emerged gradually from the end of the war through the early postwar years. The map uses the commonly cited period when Ulam proposed random simulation at Los Alamos."},"es":{"title":"El método de Monte Carlo toma forma en Los Álamos","summary":"Hacia 1946, Stanislaw Ulam, John von Neumann y otros investigadores de Los Álamos comenzaron a utilizar muestreo aleatorio para cálculos complejos de física nuclear; poco después el enfoque recibió el nombre de «Monte Carlo».","impact":"La simulación aleatoria se convirtió en un método general para integración de alta dimensión, computación bayesiana, propagación de incertidumbre y modelización física.","people":["Stanislaw Ulam","John von Neumann","Nicholas Metropolis"],"tags":["Monte Carlo","simulación"],"note":"El método surgió gradualmente entre el final de la guerra y los primeros años de la posguerra. El mapa usa el periodo citado con frecuencia en el que Ulam propuso la simulación aleatoria en Los Álamos."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"约1946年作为常用形成节点保留，但蒙特卡洛方法是在战争末期至战后数年间由多人逐步发展起来的。","en":"The commonly used circa-1946 milestone is retained, while noting that the Monte Carlo method developed gradually through the late-war and early postwar years.","es":"Se mantiene el hito habitual de alrededor de 1946, con la aclaración de que el método de Montecarlo se desarrolló gradualmente entre el final de la guerra y los primeros años de la posguerra."}},"locations":[{"city":"洛斯阿拉莫斯","country":"美国","lat":35.8757,"lon":-106.2923,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"洛斯阿拉莫斯科学实验室","note":"蒙特卡洛方法在洛斯阿拉莫斯的战时计算工作中形成；点位表示实验室所在区域。","sourceUrls":["https://discover.lanl.gov/publications/national-security-science/2020-summer/the-monte-carlo-method/"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory","note":"The Monte Carlo method emerged from wartime computational work at Los Alamos; the point marks the laboratory area."},"es":{"label":"Laboratorio Científico de Los Álamos","note":"El método de Montecarlo surgió del trabajo computacional de guerra en Los Álamos; el punto marca el área del laboratorio."}},"id":"e051-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e051-loc1"}},{"id":"e053","year":1947,"date":"1947","title":"联合国统计委员会召开首次正式会议","city":"莱克萨克塞斯","country":"美国","lat":40.7707,"lon":-73.7176,"category":"official","summary":"联合国统计委员会于1946年设立，1947年1月27日至2月7日在纽约州莱克萨克塞斯召开首次正式会议，后来成为全球官方统计体系的最高协调机构。","impact":"推动人口、国民账户、贸易、分类与数据质量标准在各国之间可比。","people":["联合国统计委员会"],"sources":[{"title":"United Nations：Statistical Commission first-session summary records","url":"https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc47-1stSession/1947-SR-SummaryRecords.pdf"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"委员会于1946年设立；地图标示1947年首次正式会议的会址莱克萨克塞斯，而不是曼哈顿。","tags":["联合国","官方统计","国际标准"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The United Nations Statistical Commission holds its first regular session","summary":"Created in 1946, the United Nations Statistical Commission held its first regular session at Lake Success, New York, from 27 January to 7 February 1947 and later became the highest coordinating body in the global official-statistics system.","impact":"It promoted internationally comparable standards for population, national accounts, trade, classifications and data quality.","people":["United Nations Statistical Commission"],"tags":["United Nations","official statistics","international standards"],"note":"The Commission was created in 1946; the marker shows Lake Success, the venue of its first regular session in 1947, rather than Manhattan."},"es":{"title":"La Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas celebra su primera sesión ordinaria","summary":"Creada en 1946, la Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas celebró su primera sesión ordinaria en Lake Success, Nueva York, del 27 de enero al 7 de febrero de 1947, y posteriormente se convirtió en el principal órgano coordinador del sistema mundial de estadística oficial.","impact":"Impulsó normas internacionalmente comparables para población, cuentas nacionales, comercio, clasificaciones y calidad de datos.","people":["Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas"],"tags":["Naciones Unidas","estadística oficial","normas internacionales"],"note":"La Comisión se creó en 1946; el punto señala Lake Success, sede de su primera sesión ordinaria en 1947, y no Manhattan."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"地点由纽约市改为纽约州莱克萨克塞斯，并补入首次正式会议的准确日期与联合国原始会议记录。","en":"The location was corrected from New York City to Lake Success, New York, with the exact dates and the United Nations first-session record added.","es":"La ubicación se corrigió de la ciudad de Nueva York a Lake Success, estado de Nueva York, y se añadieron las fechas exactas y el acta de la primera sesión de la ONU."}},"locations":[{"city":"莱克萨克塞斯","country":"美国","lat":40.7707,"lon":-73.7176,"role":"conference","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"会议举办地","note":"联合国统计委员会首次正式会议在纽约州莱克萨克塞斯举行；点位表示会议城市，不声称具体会场建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc47-1stSession/1947-SR-SummaryRecords.pdf"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Conference venue city","note":"The first regular session of the UN Statistical Commission was held in Lake Success, New York; the point marks the conference city, not a claimed venue building."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad de la reunión","note":"La primera sesión ordinaria de la Comisión de Estadística de la ONU se celebró en Lake Success, Nueva York; el punto marca la ciudad, no un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e053-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e053-loc1"}},{"id":"e054","year":1948,"date":"1948","title":"WHO承担国际疾病分类，第六次修订于1948年通过","city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"category":"official","summary":"1948年的国际会议通过第六次修订，WHO随后承担国际疾病分类的管理工作，并把分类从死亡原因扩展到发病资料。正式手册于1949年出版。","impact":"疾病与死因统计获得更统一的国际语言，支持跨国公共卫生比较。","people":["世界卫生组织"],"sources":[{"title":"WHO：History of the development of the ICD","url":"https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icd/historyoficd.pdf"},{"title":"WHO IRIS：Sixth Revision adopted 1948","url":"https://iris.who.int/items/8a99e246-13e3-4bcb-8c14-700135486273"}],"importance":3,"precision":"城市级","note":"1948年第六次修订国际会议在巴黎举行并通过分类；WHO参与筹备和秘书处工作，随后由世界卫生大会认可，相关手册于1949年出版。地图同时显示巴黎会议地和日内瓦机构关联。","tags":["ICD","卫生统计","分类标准"],"categoryLabel":"官方统计与机构","i18n":{"en":{"title":"WHO assumes responsibility for the ICD as the Sixth Revision is adopted in 1948","summary":"An international conference adopted the Sixth Revision in 1948. WHO then assumed responsibility for the classification, which expanded from causes of death to morbidity as well. The formal manual appeared in 1949.","impact":"Disease and cause-of-death statistics gained a more uniform international language for public-health comparison.","people":["World Health Organization"],"tags":["ICD","health statistics","classification standards"],"note":"The Sixth Revision Conference met in Paris in 1948 and adopted the classification; WHO supported the preparatory and secretariat work, the World Health Assembly later endorsed it, and the related manual was published in 1949. The map shows both the Paris conference city and the Geneva institutional link."},"es":{"title":"La OMS asume la CIE y la Sexta Revisión se adopta en 1948","summary":"Una conferencia internacional adoptó la Sexta Revisión en 1948. La OMS asumió después la responsabilidad de la clasificación, que se amplió de las causas de muerte a la morbilidad. El manual formal apareció en 1949.","impact":"Las estadísticas de enfermedades y causas de muerte obtuvieron un lenguaje internacional más uniforme para las comparaciones de salud pública.","people":["Organización Mundial de la Salud"],"tags":["CIE","estadísticas de salud","normas de clasificación"],"note":"La Conferencia de la Sexta Revisión se reunió en París en 1948 y adoptó la clasificación; la OMS apoyó la preparación y la secretaría, la Asamblea Mundial de la Salud la respaldó posteriormente y el manual correspondiente se publicó en 1949. El mapa muestra tanto la ciudad de la conferencia como el vínculo institucional con Ginebra."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了必要的时间、地点或历史争议说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a necessary chronology, location or historical-priority qualification.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una precisión necesaria sobre cronología, ubicación o prioridad histórica."}},"locations":[{"city":"巴黎","country":"法国","lat":48.8566,"lon":2.3522,"role":"conference","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"第六次修订国际会议举办地","note":"第六次修订国际会议于1948年4月26日至30日在巴黎举行并通过分类。现有来源未在本图中支持到具体会场。","sourceUrls":["https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icd/historyoficd.pdf","https://iris.who.int/items/8a99e246-13e3-4bcb-8c14-700135486273"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Sixth Revision Conference city","note":"The Sixth Revision Conference met in Paris on 26–30 April 1948 and adopted the classification. The sources used here do not support a specific venue marker."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad de la Conferencia de la Sexta Revisión","note":"La Conferencia de la Sexta Revisión se reunió en París del 26 al 30 de abril de 1948 y adoptó la clasificación. Las fuentes utilizadas no permiten señalar un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e054-loc1"},{"city":"日内瓦","country":"瑞士","lat":46.2329,"lon":6.1342,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":false,"label":"世界卫生组织机构关联","note":"WHO承担筹备、秘书处与后续规则工作；日内瓦点表示其机构所在地，不是1948年修订会议会场。","sourceUrls":["https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/classification/icd/historyoficd.pdf","https://iris.who.int/items/8a99e246-13e3-4bcb-8c14-700135486273"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"World Health Organization institutional link","note":"WHO handled preparatory, secretariat and subsequent regulatory work; Geneva marks the institution, not the 1948 conference venue."},"es":{"label":"Vínculo institucional con la OMS","note":"La OMS realizó tareas preparatorias, de secretaría y regulación posterior; Ginebra marca la institución, no la sede de la conferencia de 1948."}},"id":"e054-loc2"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":2,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e054-loc1"}},{"id":"e055","year":1950,"date":"1950","title":"印度国家抽样调查启动","city":"加尔各答","country":"印度","lat":22.6482,"lon":88.3777,"category":"survey","summary":"印度启动National Sample Survey，以概率抽样持续收集就业、消费、农业与社会经济数据。","impact":"证明大型发展中国家可以用严谨抽样替代昂贵的全面枚举，为全球调查实践提供范式。","people":["P. C. Mahalanobis","印度政府"],"sources":[{"title":"MOSPI：National Sample Survey history","url":"https://www.mospi.gov.in/national-sample-survey-office-nsso"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"首轮国家抽样调查是加尔各答的印度统计研究所与中央政府共同推进的全国项目。地图以加尔各答的方法设计中心为主点，并保留新德里的行政关联。","tags":["概率抽样","国家调查","印度"],"categoryLabel":"调查与抽样","i18n":{"en":{"title":"India launches the National Sample Survey","summary":"India began the National Sample Survey, using probability samples to collect continuing information on employment, consumption, agriculture and socioeconomic conditions.","impact":"It showed that a large developing country could use rigorous sampling instead of costly complete enumeration and became a model for survey practice worldwide.","people":["P. C. 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Calcuta es el punto principal de diseño y Nueva Delhi conserva el vínculo administrativo."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了多地点或机构归属说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a multi-location or institutional-affiliation note.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una nota sobre múltiples lugares o afiliaciones institucionales."}},"locations":[{"city":"加尔各答","country":"印度","lat":22.6482,"lon":88.3777,"role":"research_site","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"印度统计研究所：抽样设计核心","note":"首轮国家抽样调查的设计与方法工作由马哈拉诺比斯及印度统计研究所在加尔各答推动。坐标表示研究所范围。","sourceUrls":["https://www.mospi.gov.in/national-sample-survey-office-nsso"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Indian Statistical Institute: survey design centre","note":"The design and methodology of the first National Sample Survey were driven by Mahalanobis and the Indian Statistical Institute in Kolkata. The coordinate marks the institute area."},"es":{"label":"Instituto Estadístico de la India: centro de diseño","note":"El diseño y la metodología de la primera Encuesta Nacional por Muestreo fueron impulsados por Mahalanobis y el Instituto Estadístico de la India en Calcuta. 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Kálmán"],"tags":["espacio de estados","filtrado","series temporales"]}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"confirmed","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source"},"locations":[{"city":"巴尔的摩","country":"美国","lat":39.2904,"lon":-76.6122,"role":"institution","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或机构关联城市","note":"资料支持该事件与这座城市中的作者或机构有关，但不足以把点位解释为某栋建筑。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3662552"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or institution city","note":"The sources support an author or institutional association with this city, but not a claim to a particular building."},"es":{"label":"Ciudad vinculada al autor o la institución","note":"Las fuentes respaldan la relación del autor o de la institución con esta ciudad, pero no permiten señalar un edificio concreto."}},"id":"e062-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"reclassified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e062-loc1"}},{"id":"e064","year":1964,"date":"1964","title":"Box—Cox变换提出","city":"麦迪逊","country":"美国","lat":43.0766,"lon":-89.4125,"category":"modeling","summary":"Box与Cox提出由参数控制的一族幂变换，用似然选择更适合线性模型和恒定方差的尺度。","impact":"为模型诊断、正态性与方差稳定化提供系统方法。","people":["George E. 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Tukey was also affiliated with Princeton and Bell Labs."},"es":{"title":"Se publica la transformada rápida de Fourier de Cooley y Tukey","summary":"El artículo de Cooley y Tukey de 1965 presentó un algoritmo eficiente para la transformada discreta de Fourier y redujo de forma drástica el coste de la suma directa.","impact":"El análisis espectral, el procesamiento de señales y muchos cálculos estadísticos se hicieron viables a una escala mucho mayor.","people":["James Cooley","John Tukey"],"tags":["FFT","análisis espectral","series temporales"],"note":"El algoritmo se demostró por primera vez en 1964 en el Thomas J. Watson Research Center de IBM, en Yorktown Heights, Nueva York, y se publicó en 1965. Tukey también estaba vinculado a Princeton y Bell Labs."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"约克敦高地","country":"美国","lat":41.216056,"lon":-73.806002,"role":"research_site","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"IBM Thomas J. Watson研究中心","note":"IBM历史资料把首次演示定位在约克敦高地研究中心。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1090/S0025-5718-1965-0178586-1","https://research.ibm.com/blog/how-ibm-research-first-demonstrated-the-revolutionary-cooley-tukey-fft","https://research.ibm.com/labs/yorktown-heights"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"IBM Thomas J. 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Jenkins worked mainly in the United Kingdom, so the book was a transatlantic collaboration."},"es":{"title":"Se publica el sistema Box–Jenkins para modelar series temporales","summary":"Box y Jenkins organizaron identificación, estimación, diagnóstico y pronóstico en el ciclo de modelización ARIMA.","impact":"El análisis de series temporales obtuvo un flujo de trabajo aplicado y repetible, usado en economía, industria y predicción de salud pública.","people":["George E. P. Box","Gwilym Jenkins"],"tags":["ARIMA","series temporales","pronóstico"],"note":"El punto se sitúa en la Universidad de Wisconsin–Madison, donde trabajaba Box. Jenkins desarrolló su carrera principalmente en el Reino Unido, por lo que el libro fue una colaboración transatlántica."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中补充了多地点或机构归属说明。","en":"The event-by-event review on 19 July 2026 added a multi-location or institutional-affiliation note.","es":"La revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026 añadió una nota sobre múltiples lugares o afiliaciones institucionales."}},"locations":[{"city":"麦迪逊","country":"美国","lat":43.0731,"lon":-89.4012,"role":"publication","precision":"城市级","primary":true,"label":"作者或出版关联地点","note":"该点依据作者当时的工作地、出版地或两者中证据更充分的一项确定。","sourceUrls":["https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Time+Series+Analysis%3A+Forecasting+and+Control%2C+5th+Edition-p-9781118675021"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Author or publication location","note":"This point is based on the author’s workplace at the time, the place of publication, or whichever is better supported."},"es":{"label":"Lugar del autor o de publicación","note":"El punto se basa en el lugar de trabajo del autor, el lugar de publicación o el que esté mejor documentado."}},"id":"e067-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"verified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e067-loc1"}},{"id":"e068","year":1972,"date":"1972","title":"Cox比例风险模型发表","city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.4988,"lon":-0.1749,"category":"modeling","summary":"Cox提出无需指定基线风险函数即可估计协变量相对风险的半参数模型。","impact":"生存分析获得兼具解释性与灵活性的回归框架，成为医学研究标准方法。","people":["David R. 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El marcador se trasladó desde la zona de University College London al campus de South Kensington de Imperial."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了地点：原论文作者单位是伦敦帝国理工学院，地图点已移至南肯辛顿校区范围。","en":"The location was corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026: the original paper lists Imperial College London, and the marker was moved to the South Kensington campus area.","es":"La ubicación se corrigió durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026: el artículo original indica Imperial College London y el punto se trasladó al área del campus de South Kensington."}},"locations":[{"city":"伦敦","country":"英国","lat":51.4988,"lon":-0.1749,"role":"author_affiliation","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"帝国理工学院","note":"原论文列Cox的单位为伦敦帝国理工学院；旧坐标误落在伦敦大学学院附近，现已更正。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Imperial College London","note":"The paper lists Cox at Imperial College London. 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Esta entrada sigue el hito de desarrollo de 1992 del relato de Ihaka y considera el artículo de 1996 como la presentación pública del mismo proyecto."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-21","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"合并项目启动与正式论文，并保留1991/1992起点叙述的差异。","en":"The project launch and formal paper are combined while preserving the differing 1991/1992 accounts of R’s beginnings.","es":"Se combinan el inicio del proyecto y el artículo formal, conservando la diferencia entre los relatos que sitúan el comienzo en 1991 o 1992."}},"locations":[{"city":"奥克兰","country":"新西兰","lat":-36.8523,"lon":174.769,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"奥克兰大学","note":"R项目由奥克兰大学的Ross Ihaka与Robert Gentleman启动；点位表示大学城市校区范围。","sourceUrls":["https://www.stat.auckland.ac.nz/~ihaka/downloads/Massey.pdf","https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"University of Auckland","note":"The R project was started by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland; 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the General Assembly endorsed them through resolution 68/261 in 2014.","impact":"The ethical and institutional conditions required for trustworthy official statistics advanced from professional norms to internationally affirmed principles.","people":["United Nations Statistical Commission","United Nations General Assembly"],"tags":["official statistics","statistical ethics","professional independence"],"note":"The entry begins with adoption by the Statistical Commission in 1994 and treats the General Assembly endorsement in 2014 as a later stage in the recognition of the same principles."},"es":{"title":"Las Naciones Unidas establecen y posteriormente respaldan los Principios Fundamentales de las Estadísticas Oficiales","summary":"La Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas adoptó en 1994 los Principios Fundamentales de las Estadísticas Oficiales, sobre independencia profesional, métodos científicos, transparencia, confidencialidad e igualdad de acceso; la Asamblea General los respaldó mediante la resolución 68/261 en 2014.","impact":"Las condiciones éticas e institucionales de unas estadísticas oficiales fiables pasaron de normas profesionales a principios reconocidos internacionalmente.","people":["Comisión de Estadística de las Naciones Unidas","Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas"],"tags":["estadística oficial","ética estadística","independencia profesional"],"note":"La entrada comienza con la adopción de 1994 por la Comisión de Estadística y considera el respaldo de la Asamblea General en 2014 como una etapa posterior del reconocimiento de los mismos principios."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-21","status":"qualified","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"合并1994年通过与2014年联合国大会认可，避免同一原则重复计数。","en":"The 1994 adoption and 2014 General Assembly endorsement are combined to avoid counting the same principles twice.","es":"Se combinan la adopción de 1994 y el respaldo de la Asamblea General en 2014 para evitar contar dos veces los mismos principios."}},"locations":[{"city":"纽约","country":"美国","lat":40.7525,"lon":-73.9685,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"联合国总部访客入口一带","note":"点位落在联合国总部园区靠第一大道的访客入口一带，用于避免把临河建筑中心误画到水面；它不意味着所有谈判、起草和成员国审议都只发生在这里。","sourceUrls":["https://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/gp/fundprinciples.aspx","https://www.un.org/en/visit/plan-your-visit","https://unstats.un.org/unsd/dnss/gp/FP-Rev2013-E.pdf"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"United Nations Headquarters visitor entrance area","note":"The marker is placed near the visitor entrance on First Avenue so the riverside complex is not shown in the water. 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No implica que toda la redacción, negociación y deliberación de los Estados miembros ocurriera únicamente allí."}},"id":"e083-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-21","status":"reclassified","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e083-loc1"}},{"id":"e084","year":1995,"date":"1995","title":"Benjamini—Hochberg提出错误发现率控制","city":"特拉维夫","country":"以色列","lat":32.1133,"lon":34.8044,"category":"inference","summary":"Benjamini与Hochberg提出控制错误发现率（FDR）的多重检验程序。","impact":"在基因组学等大规模同时检验中，研究者可以在发现数量和错误比例之间取得可解释平衡。","people":["Yoav Benjamini","Yosef Hochberg"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文（作者单位：特拉维夫大学）：Controlling the False Discovery Rate","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"原论文将Benjamini与Hochberg两人的单位都列为特拉维夫大学。","tags":["FDR","多重检验"],"categoryLabel":"统计推断与试验设计","i18n":{"en":{"title":"Benjamini and Hochberg introduce false discovery rate control","summary":"Benjamini and Hochberg proposed a multiple-testing procedure that controls the expected false discovery rate.","impact":"In genomics and other large-scale testing settings, researchers could balance the number of findings against an interpretable proportion of errors.","people":["Yoav Benjamini","Yosef Hochberg"],"tags":["FDR","multiple testing"],"note":"The original paper lists both Benjamini and Hochberg at Tel Aviv University."},"es":{"title":"Benjamini y Hochberg introducen el control de la tasa de falsos descubrimientos","summary":"Benjamini y Hochberg propusieron un procedimiento de pruebas múltiples que controla la tasa esperada de falsos descubrimientos.","impact":"En genómica y otros contextos con muchas pruebas simultáneas, los investigadores pudieron equilibrar el número de hallazgos con una proporción interpretable de errores.","people":["Yoav Benjamini","Yosef Hochberg"],"tags":["FDR","pruebas múltiples"],"note":"El artículo original sitúa tanto a Benjamini como a Hochberg en la Universidad de Tel Aviv."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"地点由耶路撒冷改为特拉维夫；原论文明确将两位作者的单位都列为特拉维夫大学。","en":"The location was corrected from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv because the original paper explicitly lists both authors at Tel Aviv University.","es":"La ubicación se corrigió de Jerusalén a Tel Aviv porque el artículo original sitúa explícitamente a ambos autores en la Universidad de Tel Aviv."}},"locations":[{"city":"特拉维夫","country":"以色列","lat":32.1133,"lon":34.8044,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"特拉维夫大学","note":"原论文所列两位作者的单位均为特拉维夫大学；点位表示校园范围。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"Tel Aviv University","note":"The original paper lists both authors at Tel Aviv University; the point marks the campus area."},"es":{"label":"Universidad de Tel Aviv","note":"El artículo original sitúa a ambos autores en la Universidad de Tel Aviv; el punto marca el área del campus."}},"id":"e084-loc1"}],"locationAudit":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","locationCount":1,"method":"Event place, author affiliation, institution, meeting venue or administrative centre checked against the linked source; precision was limited to the level supported by that source.","exactBuildingClaim":false,"primaryLocationId":"e084-loc1"}},{"id":"e085","year":1996,"date":"1996","title":"LASSO用L1惩罚实现收缩与变量选择","city":"多伦多","country":"加拿大","lat":43.6629,"lon":-79.3957,"category":"modeling","summary":"Tibshirani提出在残差损失中加入L1约束，使部分回归系数精确变为零。","impact":"高维建模获得兼顾预测、正则化与变量选择的核心方法。","people":["Robert Tibshirani"],"sources":[{"title":"原始论文：Regression Shrinkage and Selection via the Lasso","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"}],"importance":3,"precision":"机构级","note":"原论文作者单位是多伦多大学。Tibshirani后来转到斯坦福大学，但不能把1996年的论文地点倒推到其后来的任职地。","tags":["LASSO","正则化","高维统计"],"categoryLabel":"模型、回归与时间序列","i18n":{"en":{"title":"The lasso uses an L1 penalty for shrinkage and variable selection","summary":"Tibshirani added an L1 constraint to regression loss, causing some estimated coefficients to become exactly zero.","impact":"High-dimensional modelling gained a central method combining prediction, regularization and variable selection.","people":["Robert Tibshirani"],"tags":["lasso","regularization","high-dimensional statistics"],"note":"The original paper lists the University of Toronto. 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Tibshirani se trasladó más tarde a Stanford, pero esa afiliación posterior no debe proyectarse sobre el artículo de 1996."}},"verification":{"reviewedOn":"2026-07-19","status":"corrected","scope":["year","date","place","people","claim","sources"],"sourceBasis":"linked original, official or authoritative historical source","note":{"zh":"本条在2026年7月19日逐项复核中更正了事实、地点或表述。","en":"Facts, location or wording were corrected during the event-by-event review on 19 July 2026.","es":"Los hechos, la ubicación o la redacción se corrigieron durante la revisión entrada por entrada del 19 de julio de 2026."}},"locations":[{"city":"多伦多","country":"加拿大","lat":43.6629,"lon":-79.3957,"role":"institution","precision":"机构级","primary":true,"label":"多伦多大学","note":"LASSO原论文作者单位为多伦多大学；点位表示校园范围，而非斯坦福或市中心。","sourceUrls":["https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"],"i18n":{"en":{"label":"University of Toronto","note":"The LASSO paper lists the University of Toronto as the author affiliation; the point marks the campus, not Stanford or downtown Toronto."},"es":{"label":"Universidad de Toronto","note":"El artículo de LASSO indica la Universidad de Toronto como afiliación; 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